Etched Carnelian from the Indus Valley dating back to 1800 B.C. and found in Bacteria (modern Balkh, Afghanistan). The bead makers used an alkali material called Natrone to etch the white patterns. Carnelians were also used widely during Roman times, 2,000 years before the present era. The Romans believed Carnelian to be a stone of courage. Ancient Egyptians placed carnelian with their mummified dead to assist in the journey to the afterlife. Europeans in the early modern period wore Carnelian in cameos because it was believed to ward off depression and insanity- Napoleon I, Napoleon III, and Mohammed all wore Carnelian.